People gather to see the figurehead being lifted from the sea. It is the first time the figurehead has been above water in over 500 years. (Photo: Johan Rönnby, Södertörn University)
The wooden monster was brought to the Danish National Museum in 2016, where archaeologists and conservationists analysed the wood for traces of paint. (Photo: Johan Rönnby, Södertörn University)
How the figurehead is thought to have looked in 1495 CE. It had the head of a monster with sharp teeth and a lion’s ears. (Photo: Ingemar Lundgren / Ocean Discovery)
Archaeologist Jon Adams sketching the figurehead before it is raised to the surface. (Photo: Johan Rönnby, Södertörn University)
The figurehead from the Gribshunden ship was salvaged in 2015 and archaeologist have recently made a new discovery about how it may have once looked. (Photo: Ingemar Lundgren / Ocean Discovery)
Archaeologists think that the ship probably looked something like this before the fatal explosion sent it to the sea floor. (Photo: Ingemar Lundgren / Ocean Discovery)

Medieval shipwreck hints at psychological warfare

Details of a sunken Danish royal ship reveals colourful details about psychological warfare in the middle ages.

With a beak of an eagle, monster teeth, and a screaming man sticking out of the mouth, the figurehead aboard the Danish medieval warship “Gribshunden” (Griffin-Hound) must have been a fearsome sight.

In its original state the monster figure would have seemed even more daunting, say the Swedish-Danish archaeologists who have made a new discovery about the figurehead.

They have found traces of paint on the old wooden monster, confirming a theory about the use of colour in contemporary warships, which has so far lacked any physical evidence.

“It’s an exciting discovery—absolutely unique. In the past we’ve had ideas that figureheads on these ships were painted, but now we have proof,” says Siiri Irskog, an archaeologist and coordinator of the Gribshunden project led by the Blekinge Museum in Sweden.

The figurehead would have been a scary sight to any foes. Strong colours may have added to this fear and been a strong deterrent to enemies. (Photo: Blekinge Museum)

The ship sank in 1495 CE off the Swedish coast town of Ronneby, due to an explosion on board.

The wrecked ship lay at the bottom of the sea off the Swedish coast for more than five centuries before it was discovered by a group of divers. In 2016, parts of the ship, including the colourful figurehead, made it back to Copenhagen.

Here it fell under the custodianship of archaeologists at the Danish National Museum, who worked with Swedish archaeologists to study the ship.

Painted monster’s head was part of psychological warfare

Analyses showed that the surface of the figurehead contained traces of a chemical binding substance, used to blend colours so that they would keep for longer.

Archaeologists now need to collect sediment samples from around the figurehead’s resting place, to see if they can find any traces of paint. (Photo: Johan Rönnby, Södertörn University)

The discovery led the archaeologists to conclude that the wood must have been painted at one time, even though it is no longer possible to see any colour today, says Irskog.

The choice of colours would likely have had an important function beyond just looking pretty.

It was probably intended to intimidate, says archaeologist Rolf Warming, director of the Society for Combat Archaeology who studied archaeology at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Warming assisted with the salvaging of the figurehead.

The monstrous figurehead would have been the enemy’s first contact with the ship.

“The colours on the figurehead probably made the overall sensory input of the attack even wilder and scarier for the enemy. It can be a form of psychological warfare, along with the overwhelming sounds from instruments, fluttering flags, and coat of arms,” he says.

Archaeologists still studying the wreck

Investigations around the old ship are by no means done, says Kristiane Strætkvern, conservationist from the Danish National Museum.

Now archaeologists want to know what colour the figurehead was painted.

“We hope that by studying the sediment around the remains of the ship, we can find traces of the colour that was originally used to paint the figurehead,” says Strætkvern.

But this will not be an easy task. The remains have been exposed to hundreds of years of erosion and changeable conditions of the marine environment, where pieces of the ship are spread across the sea floor following the explosion, she says.

“Right now we have no idea of the colour and the best chance to find out will be if we’re lucky enough to see it in the sediments that the figurehead was preserved in. It would be quite spectacular, and we’ve become so adept at the methods needed, so it should be possible to do it--if the colours are there,” she says.

Strætkvern and her colleagues from the Danish National Museum are now coordinating the next stage of research with their Swedish colleagues from Blekinge Museum to take sediment samples for further analyses.


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Read the full story in Danish on Videnskab.dk
 

Translated by: Catherine Jex

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